§ 37-1. Findings.

WHEREAS, exposure to secondhand smoke anywhere has negative health impacts, and exposure to secondhand smoke does occur at significant levels outdoors ⁱ ; and

WHEREAS, irritation from secondhand smoke begins at levels as low as four micrograms per cubic meter, and in some outdoor situations this level can be found as far away as 13 feet from the burning cigarette ⁱⁱ ; and

WHEREAS, electronic smoking devices' vapor emissions and cartridge contents have found a number of dangerous substances ^{iii, iv} including chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer ^{v, vi} such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, lead, nickel, and chromium ^{vii, viii, ix} ; and

WHEREAS, exposure to vapor from electronic smoking devices may cause passive or secondhand vaping ^{iii, vii, x, xi} ; and

WHEREAS, the use of electronic smoking devices threatens to undermine compliance with smoke-free regulations and reverse the progress that has been made in establishing a social norm that smoking is not permitted in public places and places of employment; ^xii and

WHEREAS, clinical studies about the safety and efficacy of electronic smoking devices have not been submitted to the FDA ^{xiii, xiv;} consumers currently have no way of knowing ^xv the concentrations of harmful chemicals these devices contain or the nicotine dose they deliver; and

WHEREAS, the California Health Officer stated that the use of electronic smoking devices has led to a new generation of young people addicted to nicotine, accidental poisonings, and involuntary exposure to secondhand aerosol emissions that impact the public's health ^xvi ; and

WHEREAS, the World Health Organization has strongly advised consumers against the use of electronic smoking devices until they are "deemed safe and effective and of acceptable quality by a competent national regulatory body" ^xvii ; and

WHEREAS, there are serious public safety concerns related to electronic smoking device use, as evidenced by an increase in calls to the United States Poison Control Center ^xviii and an infant's death from ingesting the liquid nicotine found in electronic smoking devices ^xix ; and

WHEREAS, the World Medical Association has determined that electronic smoking devices "are not comparable to scientifically-proven methods of smoking cessation" and that "neither their value as therapeutic aids for smoking cessation nor their safety as cigarette replacements is established" ^xx ; and

WHEREAS, use of electronic smoking devices has surpassed the use of cigarettes among teenagers ^xxi ; and

WHEREAS, over fifty-nine jurisdictions within California require retailers to obtain a license to sell electronic smoking devices ^xxii and at least forty-four local jurisdictions in California prohibit the use of electronic smoking devices in specific locations ^xxiii ; and

WHEREAS, the use of electronic smoking devices is not associated with successful quit attempts to quit smoking ^{iii, xxiv} and the FDA has not approved any electronic smoking device as a safe or effective method to help smokers quit ^xxv ; and

WHEREAS, the state smoke-free workplace law does not expressly prohibit the use of electronic smoking devices in enclosed workplaces; and

WHEREAS, as of 2014, there are at least three hundred twenty-eight California cities and counties with local laws restricting smoking in recreational areas, one hundred nineteen with smoke-free outdoor dining laws, and forty-five that restrict smoking on sidewalks in commercial areas ^xxvi .

(Ord. No. 4928, 7-21-2015)

ⁱ  Repace JL. "Benefits of Smoke-Free Regulations in Outdoor Settings: Beaches, Golf Courses, Parks, Patios, and in Motor Vehicles." William Mitchell Law Review, 34(4): 1621-1638, p. 1626, 2008. Available at: http://publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/tclc-symposium-repace.pdf

ⁱⁱ  Junker MH, Danuser B, Monn C, et al. "Acute Sensory Responses of Nonsmokers at Very Low Environmental Tobacco Smoke Concentrations in Controlled Laboratory Settings." Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(10): 1045-1052, p. 1049-51, 2001. Available at: www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1242082&blobtype=pdf

ⁱⁱⁱ  American Heart Association, 2014. Electronic Cigarettes: A Policy Statement from the American Heart Association http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/16/1418.full.pdf+html

^iv  Popova L, Ling PM. Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation: a national study. American Journal of Public Health. May 2013; 103(5):923-930.

^v  State of California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. 2013. Chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. Available at: http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65 list/files/P65single091313.pdf

^vi  University of California San Francisco, Center for Tobacco Control, Research and Education (2013) 9 Chemicals Identified So Far In E-Cig Vapor That Are On The California Prop 65 List of Carcinogens and Reproductive Toxins http://tobacco.ucsf.edu/9-chemicals-identified-so-far-e-cig-vapor-are-california-prop-65-list-carcinogens-and-reproductive-t

^vii  German Cancer Research Center. 2013. "Electronic Cigarettes—An Overview." Red Series Tobacco Prevention and Control. Available at: www.dkfz.de/de/tabakkontrolle/download/Publikationen/RoteReihe/Band_19_e-cigarettes an overview.pdf

^viii  Goniewicz M, Knysak J, Gawron M, et al. "Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes." Tobacco Control. 2013; 1:1-8. Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23467656

^ix  Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights (2014). Electronic Smoking Devices and Secondhand Aerosol, http://no-smoke.org/pdf/ecigarette-secondhand-aerosol.pdf

^x  Schripp T, Markewitz D, Uhde E, and Salthammer T. 2013. "Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping?" Indoor Air. 23(1), 25-31. Doi:10.111 I/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.

^xi  Schober W, Szendrei K, Matzen W, et al. (2013). "Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers." Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iiheh.2013.11.003

^xii  American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, American Heart Association, Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, American Lung Association. (2011). Policy Guidance Document Regarding E-Cigarettes. Available at: www.acscan.org/content/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Policy-Guidance-on-E-Cigarettes-.pdf

^xiii  U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2009) FDA Warns Of Health Risk Posed By E-Cigarettes. Available at: www.fda.gov/downloads/forconsumers/consumerupdates/UCM173430.pdf

^xiv  National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) (2014) Available at: http://www.naccho.org/advocacy/positions/upload/12-04-e-Cigarettes.pdf

^xv  U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2009). FDA Warns Of Health Risk Posed By E-Cigarettes. Available at: www.fda.gov/downloads/forconsumers/consumerupdates/UCM173430.pdf

^xvi  California Department of Public Health, California Tobacco Control Program, State Health Officer's Report on E-Cigarettes: A Community Health Threat, Sacramento, CA 2015. Available at: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/Documents/Media/State%20Health-e-cig%20report.pdf

^xvii  World Health Organization. (2013). Questions and Answers on Electronic Cigarettes or Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Available at: www.who.int/tobacco/communications/statements/eletronic cigarettes/en/

^xviii  Centers for Disease Control Notes from the Field: Calls to Poison Centers for Exposures to Electronic Cigarettes. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2014; 63(13); 292-293 Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/

^xix  Mohney, Gillian. "First Child's Death From Liquid Nicotine Reported as 'Vaping' Gains Popularity." ABC News. December 12, 2014. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/childs-death-liquid-nicotine-reported-vaping-gains-popularity/story?id=27563788

^xx  World Medical Association. (2012). Statement on Electronic Cigarettes and Other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. Available at: www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/e19/index.html.pdf?print-media-type&footer-ight=[page]/[toPage]

^xxi  Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Miech, R.A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015). Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2014. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan Available at: http://monitoringthefuture.org/pressreleases/14cigpr_complete.pdf

^xxii  American Lung Association in California, the Center for Tobacco Policy and Organizing. 2013. Tobacco Retailer Licensing and Electronic Cigarettes. Available at: http://center4tobaccopolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/E-cigarettes-in-TRL-8.9.13.pdf

^xxiii  American Lung Association in California, the Center for Tobacco Policy and Organizing. 2013. Local Policies on the use of Electronic Cigarettes. Available at: http://center4tobaccopolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Local-Policies-on-Use-of-E-Cigs-Nov-2013.pdf

^xxiv  Grana, R.A., Ling, P.M., Benowitz, N., & Glantz, S., "Electronic Cigarettes." Circulation, 2014; 129, p. 490-492. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/19/e490

^xxv  American Lung Association (2014) American Lung Association Statement on E-Cigarettes http://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/tobacco-control-advocacy/federal/e-cigarettes.html

^xxvi  American Lung Association in California State of Tobacco Control 2014—California Local Grades, 2014. p. 11. Available at: www.lung.org/associations/states/california/assets/pdfs/sotc-2014/sotc-2014-california-local.pdf